SequenceFile文件是用来存储二进制形式的key-value对而设计的一种平面文件(Flat File)。目前，也有不少人在该文件的基础之上提出了一些HDFS中小文件存储的解决方案，他们的基本思路就是将小文件进行合并成一个大文件，同时对这些小文件的位置信息构建索引。不过，这类解决方案还涉及到Hadoop的另一种文件格式——MapFile文件。SequenceFile文件并不保证其存储的key-value数据是按照key的某个顺序存储的，同时不支持append操作。

      在SequenceFile文件中，每一个key-value被看做是一条记录(Record)，因此基于Record的压缩策略，SequenceFile文件可支持三种压缩类型(SequenceFile.CompressionType):

NONE: 对records不进行压缩;

RECORD: 仅压缩每一个record中的value值;

BLOCK: 将一个block中的所有records压缩在一起;

那么，基于这三种压缩类型，Hadoop提供了对应的三种类型的Writer:

SequenceFile.Writer  写入时不压缩任何的key-value对(Record);

 

public static class Writer implements java.io.Closeable {

...
   //初始化Writer
   void init(Path name, Configuration conf, FSDataOutputStream out, Class keyClass, Class valClass, boolean compress, CompressionCodec codec, Metadata metadata) throws IOException {
      this.conf = conf;
      this.out = out;
      this.keyClass = keyClass;
      this.valClass = valClass;
      this.compress = compress;
      this.codec = codec;
      this.metadata = metadata;

      //创建非压缩的对象序列化器
      SerializationFactory serializationFactory = new SerializationFactory(conf);
      this.keySerializer = serializationFactory.getSerializer(keyClass);
      this.keySerializer.open(buffer);
      this.uncompressedValSerializer = serializationFactory.getSerializer(valClass);
      this.uncompressedValSerializer.open(buffer);

      //创建可压缩的对象序列化器
      if (this.codec != null) {
        ReflectionUtils.setConf(this.codec, this.conf);
        this.compressor = CodecPool.getCompressor(this.codec);
        this.deflateFilter = this.codec.createOutputStream(buffer, compressor);
        this.deflateOut = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(deflateFilter));
        this.compressedValSerializer = serializationFactory.getSerializer(valClass);
        this.compressedValSerializer.open(deflateOut);
      }
    }


  //添加一条记录(key-value,对象值需要序列化)
  public synchronized void append(Object key, Object val) throws IOException {
      if (key.getClass() != keyClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong key class: "+key.getClass().getName() +" is not "+keyClass);

      if (val.getClass() != valClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong value class: "+val.getClass().getName() +" is not "+valClass);

      buffer.reset();

      //序列化key(将key转化为二进制数组)，并写入缓存buffer中
      keySerializer.serialize(key);
      int keyLength = buffer.getLength();
      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed: " + key);

      //compress在初始化是被置为false
      if (compress) {
        deflateFilter.resetState();
        compressedValSerializer.serialize(val);
        deflateOut.flush();
        deflateFilter.finish();
      } else {
        //序列化value值(不压缩)，并将其写入缓存buffer中
        uncompressedValSerializer.serialize(val);
      }

      //将这条记录写入文件流
      checkAndWriteSync();                                // sync
      out.writeInt(buffer.getLength());                   // total record length
      out.writeInt(keyLength);                            // key portion length
      out.write(buffer.getData(), 0, buffer.getLength()); // data
    }

    //添加一条记录(key-value,二进制值)
    public synchronized void appendRaw(byte[] keyData, int keyOffset, int keyLength, ValueBytes val) throws IOException {
      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed: " + keyLength);

      int valLength = val.getSize();

      checkAndWriteSync();

      //直接将key-value写入文件流
      out.writeInt(keyLength+valLength);          // total record length
      out.writeInt(keyLength);                    // key portion length
      out.write(keyData, keyOffset, keyLength);   // key
      val.writeUncompressedBytes(out);            // value
    }

...

}

 

SequenceFile.RecordCompressWriter写入时只压缩key-value对(Record)中的value;

 

static class RecordCompressWriter extends Writer {
...

   public synchronized void append(Object key, Object val) throws IOException {
      if (key.getClass() != keyClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong key class: "+key.getClass().getName() +" is not "+keyClass);

      if (val.getClass() != valClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong value class: "+val.getClass().getName() +" is not "+valClass);

      buffer.reset();

      //序列化key(将key转化为二进制数组)，并写入缓存buffer中
      keySerializer.serialize(key);
      int keyLength = buffer.getLength();
      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed: " + key);

      //序列化value值(不压缩)，并将其写入缓存buffer中
      deflateFilter.resetState();
      compressedValSerializer.serialize(val);
      deflateOut.flush();
      deflateFilter.finish();

      //将这条记录写入文件流
      checkAndWriteSync();                                // sync
      out.writeInt(buffer.getLength());                   // total record length
      out.writeInt(keyLength);                            // key portion length
      out.write(buffer.getData(), 0, buffer.getLength()); // data
    }

    /** 添加一条记录(key-value,二进制值,value已压缩) */
    public synchronized void appendRaw(byte[] keyData, int keyOffset,
        int keyLength, ValueBytes val) throws IOException {

      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed: " + keyLength);

      int valLength = val.getSize();

      checkAndWriteSync();                        // sync
      out.writeInt(keyLength+valLength);          // total record length
      out.writeInt(keyLength);                    // key portion length
      out.write(keyData, keyOffset, keyLength);   // 'key' data
      val.writeCompressedBytes(out);              // 'value' data
    }

  } // RecordCompressionWriter


...
}

SequenceFile.BlockCompressWriter 写入时将一批key-value对(Record)压缩成一个Block;

 

static class BlockCompressWriter extends Writer {
...

   void init(int compressionBlockSize) throws IOException {
      this.compressionBlockSize = compressionBlockSize;
      keySerializer.close();
      keySerializer.open(keyBuffer);
      uncompressedValSerializer.close();
      uncompressedValSerializer.open(valBuffer);
    }

    /** Workhorse to check and write out compressed data/lengths */
    private synchronized void writeBuffer(DataOutputBuffer uncompressedDataBuffer) throws IOException {
      deflateFilter.resetState();
      buffer.reset();
      deflateOut.write(uncompressedDataBuffer.getData(), 0, uncompressedDataBuffer.getLength());
      deflateOut.flush();
      deflateFilter.finish();

      WritableUtils.writeVInt(out, buffer.getLength());
      out.write(buffer.getData(), 0, buffer.getLength());
    }

    /** Compress and flush contents to dfs */
    public synchronized void sync() throws IOException {
      if (noBufferedRecords > 0) {
        super.sync();

        // No. of records
        WritableUtils.writeVInt(out, noBufferedRecords);

        // Write 'keys' and lengths
        writeBuffer(keyLenBuffer);
        writeBuffer(keyBuffer);

        // Write 'values' and lengths
        writeBuffer(valLenBuffer);
        writeBuffer(valBuffer);

        // Flush the file-stream
        out.flush();

        // Reset internal states
        keyLenBuffer.reset();
        keyBuffer.reset();
        valLenBuffer.reset();
        valBuffer.reset();
        noBufferedRecords = 0;
      }

    }


   //添加一条记录(key-value,对象值需要序列化)
   public synchronized void append(Object key, Object val) throws IOException {
      if (key.getClass() != keyClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong key class: "+key+" is not "+keyClass);

      if (val.getClass() != valClass)
        throw new IOException("wrong value class: "+val+" is not "+valClass);

      //序列化key(将key转化为二进制数组)(未压缩)，并写入缓存keyBuffer中
      int oldKeyLength = keyBuffer.getLength();
      keySerializer.serialize(key);
      int keyLength = keyBuffer.getLength() - oldKeyLength;
      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed: " + key);
      WritableUtils.writeVInt(keyLenBuffer, keyLength);

      //序列化value(将value转化为二进制数组)(未压缩)，并写入缓存valBuffer中
      int oldValLength = valBuffer.getLength();
      uncompressedValSerializer.serialize(val);
      int valLength = valBuffer.getLength() - oldValLength;
      WritableUtils.writeVInt(valLenBuffer, valLength);

      // Added another key/value pair
      ++noBufferedRecords;

      // Compress and flush?
      int currentBlockSize = keyBuffer.getLength() + valBuffer.getLength();
      //block已满，可将整个block进行压缩并写入文件流
      if (currentBlockSize >= compressionBlockSize) {
        sync();
      }
    }

    /**添加一条记录(key-value,二进制值,value已压缩). */
    public synchronized void appendRaw(byte[] keyData, int keyOffset, int keyLength, ValueBytes val) throws IOException {

      if (keyLength < 0)
        throw new IOException("negative length keys not allowed");

      int valLength = val.getSize();

      // Save key/value data in relevant buffers
      WritableUtils.writeVInt(keyLenBuffer, keyLength);
      keyBuffer.write(keyData, keyOffset, keyLength);
      WritableUtils.writeVInt(valLenBuffer, valLength);
      val.writeUncompressedBytes(valBuffer);

      // Added another key/value pair
      ++noBufferedRecords;

      // Compress and flush?
      int currentBlockSize = keyBuffer.getLength() + valBuffer.getLength();
      if (currentBlockSize >= compressionBlockSize) {
        sync();
      }
    }

  } // RecordCompressionWriter


...
}

     源码中，block的大小compressionBlockSize默认值为1000000，也可通过配置参数io.seqfile.compress.blocksize来指定。

 

   根据三种压缩，共有三种类型的SequenceFile文件格式：

1). Uncompressed SequenceFile

    

 

 

2). Record-Compressed SequenceFile

3). Block-Compressed SequenceFile